Friday 24 June 2016
Saturday 15 August 2015
cbse political science ch 2 federalism notes
FEDERALISM
FEDERALISM-It is a system of govt. in which the power is divided between a
central authority and constituent units of the country.
Usually, a federation has two levels of govt., both of them enjoy power independent
of the other.
a) A govt. for the entire country-- responsible for few subjects of common interest.
b) The other at the level of provinces or states that look after day to day functioning
of the state.
UNITARY SYSTEM VS FEDERAL SYSTEM
1..Either there is only one level of govt or sub units are subordinate to the central govt.
1There are two levels of govt-Central and Provincial or State govt.
2.The central govt. can pass orders to the provincial or the local govts
2.The central govt. can not order the state govt. to do something.
3.The state govt. is answerable to the central govt.
3.State govt. has power of its own and is not answerable to the central govt
Key features of federalism :
1.There are two or more levels (tiers) of govt.
2.Different tiers of govt. govern same citizens but each tier has its own jurisdiction in specific matters of legislation, taxation and administration.
3.The jurisdiction of specific levels are specified in the constitution and is therefore is constitutionally guaranteed.
4.Fundamental provisions of the constitutions can not be unilaterally changed by one level of govt. and require the consent of both levels of govt.
5.Courts have the power to interpret the constitution and the powers of govt. of different levels.The higest court acts as the umpire if disputes arise in the exercise of their respective powers.
6.Sources of revenue are specified to ensure the financial autonomy.
7.The federal system has dual objectives: a) to safe guard and promote the unity of the country. b) accmmodate regional diversity .
FEDERALISM-It is a system of govt. in which the power is divided between a
central authority and constituent units of the country.
Usually, a federation has two levels of govt., both of them enjoy power independent
of the other.
a) A govt. for the entire country-- responsible for few subjects of common interest.
b) The other at the level of provinces or states that look after day to day functioning
of the state.
UNITARY SYSTEM VS FEDERAL SYSTEM
1..Either there is only one level of govt or sub units are subordinate to the central govt.
1There are two levels of govt-Central and Provincial or State govt.
2.The central govt. can pass orders to the provincial or the local govts
2.The central govt. can not order the state govt. to do something.
3.The state govt. is answerable to the central govt.
3.State govt. has power of its own and is not answerable to the central govt
Key features of federalism :
1.There are two or more levels (tiers) of govt.
2.Different tiers of govt. govern same citizens but each tier has its own jurisdiction in specific matters of legislation, taxation and administration.
3.The jurisdiction of specific levels are specified in the constitution and is therefore is constitutionally guaranteed.
4.Fundamental provisions of the constitutions can not be unilaterally changed by one level of govt. and require the consent of both levels of govt.
5.Courts have the power to interpret the constitution and the powers of govt. of different levels.The higest court acts as the umpire if disputes arise in the exercise of their respective powers.
6.Sources of revenue are specified to ensure the financial autonomy.
7.The federal system has dual objectives: a) to safe guard and promote the unity of the country. b) accmmodate regional diversity .
ASSIGNMENT
ON FEDERALISM
ASSIGNMENT
ON FEDERALISM
Q1. Define Federalism, jurisdiction, coalition govt.
Q2.Write key features of federalism.
Q3.There are two kinds of routes through which federations have been formed.Write about them and give examples….(Hint-coming together & holding together federations)
Q4.Federal system has dual objectives .What are these?
(Hint—unity & accommodating diversity)
Q5.Our constitution has clearly provided three-fold distribution of legislative powers between the union & state govts. Explain how it has been done?
(Hint-three lists)
Q6.How we make change in the power sharing arrangement?
Q7.How is dispute related to power sharing solved?
Q8.What is the source of income of the Union and State govt.?
Q9.What differences do you see in the political map of 1947 and that of 2006?
Q10.Some states were created not on the basis of language but to recognize the differences based on culture, ethnicity or geography. Name them.
Q11.What is the language policy as has been laid down by our constitution?
Q12.How is Indian language policy different from that followed in SriLanka?
Q13. How many languages have been reconised as Scheduled languages/
Q14. Write about Centre-State relations before & after 1990.
Q15.There has been a new trend, a new culture of power sharing. What is it & what has led to it? OR
Federal power sharing is more effective today than it was in early years after the constitution came into force. How can we say that?
Q16.How can we say that India is the most diverse country in terms of language, in the world?
Q17. What is decentralization ? what is the basic idea behind it?
Q18. Why do we need decentralization in India?
Q19.Describe decentralization of power in rural and urban areas.
Q20. What are the advantages of system of the local govt. in India?
Q21.Write the difficulties faced in the functioning of the local self govt.
Q22.Write about the power sharing experiment undertaken in Brazil
Q1. Define Federalism, jurisdiction, coalition govt.
Q2.Write key features of federalism.
Q3.There are two kinds of routes through which federations have been formed.Write about them and give examples….(Hint-coming together & holding together federations)
Q4.Federal system has dual objectives .What are these?
(Hint—unity & accommodating diversity)
Q5.Our constitution has clearly provided three-fold distribution of legislative powers between the union & state govts. Explain how it has been done?
(Hint-three lists)
Q6.How we make change in the power sharing arrangement?
Q7.How is dispute related to power sharing solved?
Q8.What is the source of income of the Union and State govt.?
Q9.What differences do you see in the political map of 1947 and that of 2006?
Q10.Some states were created not on the basis of language but to recognize the differences based on culture, ethnicity or geography. Name them.
Q11.What is the language policy as has been laid down by our constitution?
Q12.How is Indian language policy different from that followed in SriLanka?
Q13. How many languages have been reconised as Scheduled languages/
Q14. Write about Centre-State relations before & after 1990.
Q15.There has been a new trend, a new culture of power sharing. What is it & what has led to it? OR
Federal power sharing is more effective today than it was in early years after the constitution came into force. How can we say that?
Q16.How can we say that India is the most diverse country in terms of language, in the world?
Q17. What is decentralization ? what is the basic idea behind it?
Q18. Why do we need decentralization in India?
Q19.Describe decentralization of power in rural and urban areas.
Q20. What are the advantages of system of the local govt. in India?
Q21.Write the difficulties faced in the functioning of the local self govt.
Q22.Write about the power sharing experiment undertaken in Brazil
Monday,
October 1, 2007
Notes on fedralism ch-2
DECENTRALISATION
IN INDIA
Decentralisation—When power is taken away from central & state govt. and given to local govt. it is called decentralization.
Why decentralization is required in India?
A vast country like India can not run only through two-tiers.
--States in India are as large as independent countries of Eroupe.
--In terms of population , UP is bigger than Russia and Maharashtra is about as big as Germany.
--Many of these states are internally very diverse .Therefore with this rationale power has to be decentralized and therefore we have third-tier of govt. ie., local govt.
Q. What has been the basic idea behind decentralization in India?
The basic idea behind decentralization in India is that ,
--there are a large number of problems and issues that can be solved best at the local level.
--people have a better knowledge of problems in their localities.
--they also have better ideas on the issues where to spend money & how to manage things more efficiently.
--at the local level it is possible for people to directly participate in decision making.
--local govt. is the best way to realize an important principle of democracy—self govt.
LOCAL GOVERENMENT –BEFORE AND AFTER THE CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT IN 1992.
BEFORE-1992
The need for the decentralization was recognized in our constitution and since then there have been several attempts to decentralize power to the level of villages and towns.
--Panchayats in villages & municipalities in the urban areas were setup in all the states,
but were under the direct control of the state govt.
--Elections to these local govts. were not held regularly.
--Local govts. did not have any power or resources of their own.
--The decentralization was not very effective.
AFTER 1992….
A major step towards decentralization was taken in 1992. The constitution was amended to make third-tier of the govt. more powerful & effective.
--now it was constitutionally mandatory to hold regular elections to the local bodies.
--seats will be reserved for SC,ST,& OBC’S in the elected bodies & the executive heads of these institutions.
--at least one-third of all the seats will be reserved for women.
--an independent institution called state election commission has been created in each state to conduct panchayat and municipal elections.
--the state govt. is required to share some of its powers and revenue with the local bodies.
The nature of sharing varies from state to state.
RURAL LOCAL GOVT.—PANCHAYATI RAJ
In the villages: each village or group of villages have a GRAM PANCHAYAT.
--this is a council consisting of members called Panchs & a president called Sarpanch.
--they are directly elected by the adult population of the village.
--it is the decision making body for the entire village.
--it works under the supervision of the Gram sabha.
GRAM SABHA:
--all the voters in the village are its members.
--it has to meet twice or thrice in the year to approve annual budget of Gram panchayat.
--It reviews the performance of Gram panchayat
At the block level: A few of Gram panchayats are grouprd together to form PACHAYAT SAMITI /BLOCK /MANDAL.
--the members of this representative body are elected by all the panchayat members in that area.
At District level: All the Panchayat Samitis or Mandals together constute the ZILLA PARISHAD.
--most of its members are elected.
--members of the Loksabha, & MLAs of that district and some other officials of other districts level bodies are also its members.
--Zilla Parishad chairman is the political head of the Zilla Parishad.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT BODIES FOR THE URBAN AREAS
MUNICIPALITIES—are set up in the towns.
--big cities are constituted into municipal corporations.
--both municipalities and municipal corporations are controlled by the elected bodies consisting of the people’s representatives.
--Municipal Chair man is the political head of the municipality.
--Mayor is the head of the municipal corporation.
This new system of the local govt. in India is the largest and an innovative experiment in democracy conducted anywhere in the world. Comment.
We can say so because,
There are 36 lakhs elected representatives in the Panchayayts and Municipalities etc., all over the country.
--this number is bigger than the population of many countries of the world.
--constitutional status for the local govt. has helped deepen our democracy in our country.
--it has also increased the women participation , representation & voice in our democracy.
DRAWBACKS IN OUR SYSTEM OF LOCAL GOVT.
We are still a long way from realizing the ideal of self govt. as there are many drawbacks in the functioning of the system such as,
--while the elections are held regularly, Gram Sabhas are not held regularly.
--most states govts. have not transferred significant powers to the the local govts.
--state govts. have also not given adequate resources to the local govts.
Decentralisation—When power is taken away from central & state govt. and given to local govt. it is called decentralization.
Why decentralization is required in India?
A vast country like India can not run only through two-tiers.
--States in India are as large as independent countries of Eroupe.
--In terms of population , UP is bigger than Russia and Maharashtra is about as big as Germany.
--Many of these states are internally very diverse .Therefore with this rationale power has to be decentralized and therefore we have third-tier of govt. ie., local govt.
Q. What has been the basic idea behind decentralization in India?
The basic idea behind decentralization in India is that ,
--there are a large number of problems and issues that can be solved best at the local level.
--people have a better knowledge of problems in their localities.
--they also have better ideas on the issues where to spend money & how to manage things more efficiently.
--at the local level it is possible for people to directly participate in decision making.
--local govt. is the best way to realize an important principle of democracy—self govt.
LOCAL GOVERENMENT –BEFORE AND AFTER THE CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT IN 1992.
BEFORE-1992
The need for the decentralization was recognized in our constitution and since then there have been several attempts to decentralize power to the level of villages and towns.
--Panchayats in villages & municipalities in the urban areas were setup in all the states,
but were under the direct control of the state govt.
--Elections to these local govts. were not held regularly.
--Local govts. did not have any power or resources of their own.
--The decentralization was not very effective.
AFTER 1992….
A major step towards decentralization was taken in 1992. The constitution was amended to make third-tier of the govt. more powerful & effective.
--now it was constitutionally mandatory to hold regular elections to the local bodies.
--seats will be reserved for SC,ST,& OBC’S in the elected bodies & the executive heads of these institutions.
--at least one-third of all the seats will be reserved for women.
--an independent institution called state election commission has been created in each state to conduct panchayat and municipal elections.
--the state govt. is required to share some of its powers and revenue with the local bodies.
The nature of sharing varies from state to state.
RURAL LOCAL GOVT.—PANCHAYATI RAJ
In the villages: each village or group of villages have a GRAM PANCHAYAT.
--this is a council consisting of members called Panchs & a president called Sarpanch.
--they are directly elected by the adult population of the village.
--it is the decision making body for the entire village.
--it works under the supervision of the Gram sabha.
GRAM SABHA:
--all the voters in the village are its members.
--it has to meet twice or thrice in the year to approve annual budget of Gram panchayat.
--It reviews the performance of Gram panchayat
At the block level: A few of Gram panchayats are grouprd together to form PACHAYAT SAMITI /BLOCK /MANDAL.
--the members of this representative body are elected by all the panchayat members in that area.
At District level: All the Panchayat Samitis or Mandals together constute the ZILLA PARISHAD.
--most of its members are elected.
--members of the Loksabha, & MLAs of that district and some other officials of other districts level bodies are also its members.
--Zilla Parishad chairman is the political head of the Zilla Parishad.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT BODIES FOR THE URBAN AREAS
MUNICIPALITIES—are set up in the towns.
--big cities are constituted into municipal corporations.
--both municipalities and municipal corporations are controlled by the elected bodies consisting of the people’s representatives.
--Municipal Chair man is the political head of the municipality.
--Mayor is the head of the municipal corporation.
This new system of the local govt. in India is the largest and an innovative experiment in democracy conducted anywhere in the world. Comment.
We can say so because,
There are 36 lakhs elected representatives in the Panchayayts and Municipalities etc., all over the country.
--this number is bigger than the population of many countries of the world.
--constitutional status for the local govt. has helped deepen our democracy in our country.
--it has also increased the women participation , representation & voice in our democracy.
DRAWBACKS IN OUR SYSTEM OF LOCAL GOVT.
We are still a long way from realizing the ideal of self govt. as there are many drawbacks in the functioning of the system such as,
--while the elections are held regularly, Gram Sabhas are not held regularly.
--most states govts. have not transferred significant powers to the the local govts.
--state govts. have also not given adequate resources to the local govts.
Monday,
September 10, 2007
NOTES ON FEDERALISM-CH-2 OF POL..SCIENCE
A MAP OF LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY
HOW IS FEDRALISM PRACTICED?
Costituional provisions are not the only key to the sucess of federalism in India but we have suceeded in this experiment because of the nature of democratic politics in our country.Respect for diversity and desire for living together became a shared ideal in our country.
HOW WE ENSURED FEDERALISM
LINGUISTIC STATES
It was the first & major step towards the democratic politics in our country.
--Since 1947 there have been many changes in the political map of India.
--many old states have vanished & new have been created.
--areas, boundaries and names of the states have been created.
Many old states have vanished & new states have been created.
--Areas , boundaries & names of the states have been changed.
--In 1947, the boundaries of several states were changed in order to create new states.This was done to ensure that people who spoke same language lived in the same state.
--Some states were created to recognize differences based on culture, ethinicity or geography.These included states like—Nagaland, Jharkhand & Uttarakhand.
Q. What has been the advantage of creating linguistic states?
When the demand for the formation of states on the basis of language was raised some leaders feared that it would lead to the disintegration of the country. Though central govt. resisted the linguistic states for some time but the experience has shown that linguistic states have actually made the country more united and it has made the administration easier.
LANGUAGE POLICY—
Our constitution has not given the status of national language to any one language
--Hindi was identified as an official language but Hindi is the mother tongue of only 40% of Indians, therefore there were many safeguards to protect other languages.
--Besides Hindi , there are 21 other languages recognized as Scheduled Languages by the constitution.
A candidate in an examination conducted for the central govt. position mau opt any of these languages.
-- the states too have their own official languages and much of the govt. work takes place in official language of the concerned state.
ENGLISH AND ITS USE—
Unlike SriLanka, the leaders of our country adopted a very catious attitude in spreading the use of Hindi.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE POLICY-According to the constitution the use of English for official purposes was to stop in 1965.
-- many non Hindi speaking states demanded the use of English to continue.
--in TamilNadu, this movement took a violent form and the Central government agreed to continue the use of English along with Hindi for official purposes.
--many critics think that this solution favoured the English speaking elite.
--promotion of Hindi continues to be the official policy of the government of India, but this does not mean that Central government can impose Hindi on states where people speak a different language.
Q. How our language policy is different from that of Sri Lanka?
A. Sri Lankan government followed a preferential policy towards Sinhalese language, disregarding Tamil. This resulted in lot of tensions and struggles in Sri Lanka.
Unlike Sri Lanka, our leaders adopted a flexible language policy to promote Hindi and continue English which has avoided the kind of situation Sri Lanka had.
STATE- CENTRE RELATIONS IN INDIA:
Restructuring of state- centre relations depend upon the federalism i.e., sharing of power between state and centre. How the constitutional arrangements for power sharing works in reality depends upon to a large extent on how ruling parties and leaders follow these arrangements.
--In India for a long time , same party ruled both at centre & states. This meant that state govts. did not exercise their rights as autonomous federal units .
--When ruling party at state level was different,, the parties that ruled the center tried to undermine the power of states. In those days central govt. would often misuse the constitution to dismiss the state govts. that were controlled by rival parties. This undermined the sprit of federalism.
--All this changed significantly after 1990. Their was a rise of regional poltical parties in many states of the country & this was also the era of the Coalition Govts. at the center.
--Since no single party got clear majority in Lok sabha the major national parties had to enter into an alliance with many parties including many several regional parties to form govt. at the center.
--This led to a new culture of power sharing & respect for the autonomy of the state govt. This trend was supported by the supreme court’s judgement which made it difficult for the Central govt. to dismiss state govts. in an arbitrary manner. Thus power sharing is more effective today than it was in the early years after the constitution came into force.
LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY OF INDIA
Q. India is the most diverse country of the world in terms of languages. Discuss.
According to the census held in 1991:
--the census recorded more than 1500 distinct languages which people mentioned as mother tongues.These languages were grouped under some major languages (.For example-Bhojpuri, Magadhi, Bundelkhandi, Chattisgarhi, Rajasthani, Bhili and many others were grouped under Hindi).
--even after this grouping census found 114 languages.
--22 languages are included in the Eight Schedule of the constitution & are called Scheduled Languages and others are called Non-Scheduled Languages.
Status of Hindi:
The largest language, Hindi is the mother tongue of only about 40% Indians
--all those who knew Hindi as their second or third language, the total number was still than less than 50% in 1991.
Status of English:
Only 0.02% of Indians recorded it as their mother tongue.
--other 11% knew it as a second or third language
A IDEAL FEDERAL SYSTEM : mutal trust and agreement to live together.
The above two aspects are essential for institution and practice of federalism and govts. should agree to some rules of power sharing and trust each other that each will abide by the agreement.
The balance of power between the central and the state govt varies from one federation to another.This balance mainly depends upon the historical context in which the federations were formed .Two routes of formation of federeations:
1.’ COMING TOGETHER’ & 2. HOLDING TOGETHER FEDERATION
.
COMING TOGETHER FEDRATION ----HOLDING TOGETHER FEDRATION
1 when independent states come together on their own to form a bigger unit-by pooling their sovereignity and retaining identity they can increase their security.
1.When a large country decides to divide its power between the constituent states and the national govt.
2.US, Switzerland, Australia
2. India, Spain , Belgium
3.All constituents states have equal power and are strong vis-Ã -vis the federal govt.
3.Central govt. tends to be more powerful vis-Ã -vis states. Very often contituent units have unequal powers.Some units are granted equal powers.
The above two aspects are essential for institution and practice of federalism and govts. should agree to some rules of power sharing and trust each other that each will abide by the agreement.
The balance of power between the central and the state govt varies from one federation to another.This balance mainly depends upon the historical context in which the federations were formed .Two routes of formation of federeations:
1.’ COMING TOGETHER’ & 2. HOLDING TOGETHER FEDERATION
.
COMING TOGETHER FEDRATION ----HOLDING TOGETHER FEDRATION
1 when independent states come together on their own to form a bigger unit-by pooling their sovereignity and retaining identity they can increase their security.
1.When a large country decides to divide its power between the constituent states and the national govt.
2.US, Switzerland, Australia
2. India, Spain , Belgium
3.All constituents states have equal power and are strong vis-Ã -vis the federal govt.
3.Central govt. tends to be more powerful vis-Ã -vis states. Very often contituent units have unequal powers.Some units are granted equal powers.
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Friday 14 August 2015
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